Rheumatic heart diseases

Rheumatic heart disease occurs when the heart valves are irreversibly damaged as a result of rheumatic fever. Heart valve damage can begin as soon as streptococcal infection, such as strep throat or scarlet fever, goes untreated or undertreated. Immunological response in the body creates inflammation, which can lead to long-term valve damage.

What causes rheumatic heart disease?

Rheumatic fever, an inflammatory condition that can affect numerous connective tissues, including the heart, joints, skin, and brain, causes rheumatic heart disease. Inflammation and scarring of the heart valves can occur over time. This can cause the heart valve to constrict or leak, making it difficult for the heart to operate normally. It can take years for this to manifest, and it can lead to heart failure.

The most common symptoms of rheumatic fever are:

•    Fever
•    Swollen, tender, red, and extremely painful joints — particularly the knees and ankles
•    Nodules (lumps under the skin)
•    Red, raised, lattice-like rash, usually on the chest, back, and abdomen
•    Shortness of breath and chest discomfort
•    Uncontrolled movements of arms, legs, or facial muscles
•    Weakness

Symptoms of rheumatic heart disease depend on the degree of valve damage and may include:

•    Shortness of breath (especially with activity or when lying down)
•    Chest pain
•    Swelling

It can be diagnosed by:

•    Echocardiogram (echo)
•    Electrocardiogram (ECG)
•    Chest X-ray
•    Cardiac MRI
•    Blood tests